Philosophy with Logic Essay

school of thought has many questions- request the right questions From Greek word PHILO (Love) & SOPHIA (Wisdom) which means lover of wisdom * PHYTAGORAS, a Greek Philosopher, was the counterbalance to use the barrier doctrine. * He noted that at that place are triplet types of man a. lover of pleasure b. lover of triumph c. lover of wisdom * the last, according to him, is the SUPERIOR TYPE. * Wisdom here deals with the principles of affaires, the first cause of completely beings. It deals with an understanding on the sum of stars existence and the importance of things around her/ him (Socio, 2007).The chief goal of wisdom is a fundamental understanding of reality as it relates to living a dep block offable life. * We might say then, that wisdom is good judgement about compound situations. Consequently, wisdom involves reflection, insight, a capacity to learn from puzzle and some credible conception of the man condition (Buenaflor, 2009). Philosophy is a search for im portation and therefore intended take into accountd for the rational beings. He who has the why of things bed bear almost any how- Victor Frankyl Philosophy uses reason to let out its object.Whatever is ones state in life, whenever she is and whatever she does she bequeath always be go away philosophizing. on that pointfore doctrine is always present. Philosophy- The attainment of wholly things by their first causes as known by the set down of reason Philosophy covered all aspects of human knowledge. The early philosophers believed that ism is the foundation of all learning in the possibility of a center world picture and in the unity of all truths- whether scientific, ethical, religious or aesthetic.Philosophy as subject sought to provide if not all the answers the, the answers to at least the most ultimate and fundamental questions. wherefore survey Philosophy? The culture of Philosophy is very important because it offers students a receive to explore the fundament al questions about human existence and to see on the nose what thinkers in contrastive periods have had about the essence of human being. Philosophy croup help clarify our thoughts. The clearer a person thinks the more she/he usheres himself/herself and more accurate way of examining and making decisions about life.It is philosophy that launching pad into the root causes of mans problems and discovers the true solutions and remedies to human ills. Plato- The Philosopher King Why admit Philosophy? Philosophy is one of the best ways of enriching your life, point as it prepares you for life. Philosophys critical skills offer the best defense team against foolishness and falsehoods. Philosophy is one of the most practical subjects in college. system of system of logic helps the students in the following areas * Interpretation & Analysis * Abstract Reasoning * look into & Synthesis * Communications Branches of Philosophy.* system of logic- the science of correct reasoning * Ep istemology- it deals with the origin and inclemency of human knowledge * Metaphysics- it deals with the study of beings and the origin of things. * Theodicy- the study of divinity fudge in the light of natural reason. (Philosophy of Religion) * Cosmology- the study of the universe from a philosophical standpoint * Philosophical or intelligent Psychology- the study of man not only as a opinion or sensing being merely as compose of body and soul * Ethics- a philosophical study that deals with how life should be lived and the means of attaining a meanful existence. *Aesthetics or Philosophy of Arts- deals with the philosophical study of arts and apricot. It answers the question like What is beauty? Philosophy can alike be divided into the following branches called Philosophies of moderate * Philosophy of Persons- it deals with the study about the dignity of man, truth, freedom, justice, love, death and his relationship with some others and with God. * hearty Philosophy- it deals with the philosophical study of a society and its institutions. It is concerned in ascertain the features of the best society as it deals with the study of relationships of the human person.* Philosophy of Science- This deals with the acknowledgment and objectivity of scientific knowledge. * Philosophy of mathematics- The aim of philosophy of mathematics is to provide an account of the nature and methodology of mathematics and its importance. * Philosophy of Law- This branch of philosophy deals with the whys of the law. It also aims to guide peoples actions in political community and thereby protect basic interests or rights. * Philosophy of Education- This branch of philosophy provides a philosophical understanding of the issues in education.It deals with the different methods of education and its effects in the learning of the human person. * Philosophy of Psychology- it deals with casual reflections on ones thoughts and deeds and on the behavior of others * Philosophy of Religion- Study of God from a philosophical viewpoint * Philosophy of History- This branch of Philosophy is an tone-beginning to answer substantive questions dealing with such matters as the significance or possible purpose of the historical serve upes and the factors fundamentally responsible for historical suppuration and change.* Philosophy of Love- this branch deals with the meat and value of love in the human person. * Philosophy of Culture- This is the philosophical study of all aspects of human life. Its aim is to try and transmit to future generations the system of values. * Philosophy of Women- This is also called philosophy of feminism, which refers to the study of the legal and political rights of women, as well as the relationship amid the sexes in enclosures of inequality, subordination, or oppression. What is the basic requirement of becoming a Philosopher? The faculty of wonder. philosophy asks the question WHY? Where did Philosophy originates? West- Greece E ast- China and India Factors that yield to the development of Philosophy in Greece * Geography * Invention of Games * Invention of coins * Myths logic Etymo synthetically, Logic is deduced from the Greek word Logike denoting a treatise on matters pertaining to thought. The term was coined by Zeno the Stoic. St. Thomas Aquinas defines Logic as the art that directs the reasoning process so that man may attain knowledge of truth in an orderly way, with ease and without error.As art, Logic is the tool of all sciences. The Scholastics considered it as the art of all other arts because it is used in all(prenominal) science and in all(prenominal) practical endeavor. As science, Logic studies the logical properties involved in the act of knowledge such as the logic of notions or concepts, the logic of judgement, the logic of reasoning and the logic of science. As science, Logic is a systematized body of logical truths and principles governing the habit of critical thinking and reasoning . History of Logic Zeno the Stoic coined the actual name Logic.He constituted the rules of argumentation to clarify the nature of concepts by using the Prior and tin analytics of Aristotles logical working. This endeavor degenerated because of the clever rhetoric and subtle judgment of the Sophists. Socrates refuted the error by vindicating the value concepts in knowing reality. Plato, the most lordly student of Socrates, philosophized that truth is the identical as the ultimate, ideal reality. Aristotle corrected this error. He wrote six treatises on Logic known as the Organon He say that ideas are mental routines that exist only in the legal opinion.He is considered as the founder of science. Porphyrius wrote the categories of Aristotle known as Isagoge Boethius translated Aristotles Organon and wrote commentaries on the Isagoge. ibn-Sina and Averroes wrote commentaries of Aristotles Organon Thomas Aquinas wrote commentaries on the logical works of Aristotle Francis Bacon wrote the Novum Organon. He introduced the Theory of Induction. John Stuart Mill developed Bacons Novum Organon Recently, George Boole founded the tonic Symbolic Logic . Because of its limited scope of application its popularity declined. Methods of Reasoning.* Inductive method- where we can obtain universal knowledge by considering the jumpicular ex. Repeated experience of seeing falling bodies towards the ground. We may induce that this is common to all bodies. * Deductive- When we come about from universal knowledge to particular cases ex. Logic is divided according to the three acts of the mind. * Apprehension * Judgement * Reasoning Simple Apprehension It is the basic operation of the mind or the mental processes by which we grasp the general meaning of the thing without affirming or denying anything about it. It is the basic operation of the mind that leads to a concept ex.man dog Judgment It is the act of the mind by which we compare two concepts, either they agree or not . If we put concepts together, the end result is called judgement or proposition. Ex. Man Laughs Reasoning It is the act of the mind by which we derive new truths from antecedently assumed truth. The mind combines several(prenominal) judgments or propositions in order to arrive at a previously unknown judgment it is called syllogism. Ex. All men are walking Cyrus is a man. Therefore Cyrus is walking. Mental Act External Sign Apprehension bound Judgement Proposition Reasoning Syllogism wrong.The term deduced from the Latin terminus is the extramental symbolism of an idea. A term is an remote expression of an idea. Ideas are mental expressions of external objects. Logical properties of terms * Comprehension of a term- It is the sum total of all the qualities / elements that comprise the meaning of the term A manifestation of the essence of the object. It is also known as connotation. The comprehension of animal is sentient living substantial heart and soul. * The Extension of a Term- It is the sum total of the particulars to which the comprehension of a term can be applied.It is also known as credit e. g. The citation of the comprehension sentient living material substance(animal) is birds, mammals, reptiles, birds, mammals and so forth. The comprehension and cite of terms are inversely related. The greater the comprehension the lesser the extension and vice-versa Comprehension Extension Substance substance Spirits, minerals, plants, brutes,men Body Material substance Minerals, plants, brutes, men Organism Living material substance plants, brutes, men fauna Sentient living material substance brutes, men Man Rational sentient living material substance MenClassification of Terms I. jibe to Extension Extension of Terms- is defined as property of a term by which such a term is applied to other things. Terms have three extensions namely unmated, Particular and frequent * Singular Term is an extension of term that stands for a single definite somebody or group. It is used to specify the individual or group. It is quantified by * demonstrative pronouns- This, That e. g. this book, that boy * The article the connotes a single idea e. g. the cup, the umbrella * personalized Pronouns- I, You, He, my, yours , he ,she.* Collective nouns- flock, clan, team * Particular Terms-stand for a definite part of the absolute extension. This is applied to a effrontery part of a apportionn group. Particular terms have the following quantifiers 1. ) Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives- Some, few, many, most, several, not all, etc. e. g. some people, most roads 2. ) Use of Numbers- seven candidates 3. ) Articles A and AN give a particular idea e. g. a saucer, an umbrella Universal terms- stands for every subject signified. This is when meaning is extended to each and every member of the group.The signs of catholicity are 1.) Universal Expression/Quantifiers- all, every, each, whatever, whoever, which ever, without exception, everything, no, no one e tc. e. g. Ex. No man is an island All students of Rogationist College will wear their uniform 2. ) Universal Ideas- e. g. tomorrow is a new day Dogs are not cats 3. ) Articles in the Universal idea- e. g. The book has pages A snake is a dangerous creature II. According to Meaning * Univocal- it signifies the same concept or essence, in (at least) two occurrences of the term e. g. Gloria Arroyo became the President of the Republic of the PhilippinesBenigno Aquino jr.is the president of the Republic of the Philippines * Equivocal Term- The term is externally or apparently the same but it signifies different concepts or essences. E. g. left (left hand) left ( gone) right (right hand) right (correct) * Analogous term- it expresses partially the same and partly different in meanings ex.Head does not have the same meaning in head of the family and head of a man. III. According to Quality * dogmatic in form, positive in meaning e. g. life, justice, truth, * Positive in form, nix in meani ng e. g. murder, massacre, famine * Negative in form, ostracise in meaning e. g.immature, incompetent, dishonest * Negative in form, positive in meaning e. g. immortal, unblemished IV. According to Relation * Compatible- those that can co- exist in a subject examples wise and good beauty and brain rich and far-famed tall, dark and handsome* Incompatible- those that cannot co-exist in a subject. They exclude each other. There are four kinds of incompatible Ideas * Contradictory- those that express a positive and negative concept. Contradictories are reciprocally exclusive such that the affirmation of one is the refutation of the other. Between them, there is no third (middle) possibility.Examples legal-illegal patient-impatient literate-illiterate valid-invalid * Contrary- those that express extremes belonging to the same class. Between these ideas, there is a third (middle) ground. Examples rich-poor hot-cold kind-cruel high-low beautiful-ugly * Privative- two opposed ideas, one of which expresses perfection, and the other its lack which ought to be possessed. Examples sight-blindness truth-error hearing-deafness good-evil * Correlative- two opposed ideas that bear mutual relation to one another such that one cant be understood without the other.They imply each other because one depends the other. Examples cause-effect whole-part maintain wife parent-child According to Object 1. ) Real- it expresses something that has existential actuality, whether positive or negative. Examples clarity, temperance, scandal, unemployment, chair, dishearten 2. ) Logical- it is used as a conceptual device to facilitate learning. Examples subject, predicate, classification, division, phyla, genera 3. ) Imaginary- it has no correspondence in reality but is merely a assortment of the mind.Examples Spider man, flying carpet, darna, talking tree According to Comprehension * Concrete- the term is used to express concrete concepts such as those perceivable by the senses or whose referent is tangible. Example ball, desk, table,brilliant lawyer * Abstract- The term is used to express abstract concepts such as those understood by the mind or whose referent is intangible. The term denotes being, quality, quantity or relationship. It denotes the property of a thing regarded as an entity by itself. Examples humanity, dullness.