The trails of OZ

* Three editors of a magazine (OZ) were aerated on three counts conspiracy to corrupt humanity morals, an obscene article, and an improper object sent through the post. * The edition of the magazine was non a vast edition of the magazine. It had descriptions of oral sex and an attainensive Rupert the bear toon strip. * The count on was Michael argyll Q. C. who would impose heavy condemns if the venire convicted. * The jury was draw from a particular social group (People who owned property) thus none were pre-disposed to the type of journal OZ was. The prose push asideion had the magazine as its only reveal and the court was told that it was unacceptable from a family point of view.* Dr. Edward De Bono is a best(p) defense witness, as he isnt intimidated and clever as was Dr. Michael Schofield. The trial goes for sic weeks in the summer of 1971 and the courtroom made for great theater. * The sound out was not particularly in favor of the more inner aspects of the tria l and has trouble in coming to terms with slang such as sucking, blowing, going down and yodeling in the quite a littleyon. Robertson goes on to the point out the conservative nature of gauge Argyle including how he has a glass destroyed because a man who once had a venereal disease drank from it.Robertson tells how the case became a collision of ethnical incomprehension and caused division even among the press. Tension was also increased because of the ritual and formalness of the Old Baily Court. * The ritual disguised much theatre behind the scenes in a criminal trial here everything else rehearsed to some extent and perjury was rife. Also the judge was required to train the evidence down in longhand and this made him very important.In this particular case Judge Argyle showed some bias towards witnesses including Ronald Dworkin, an Oxford professor and also Marty Feldman, the comedian, who didnt take the oath and failed to impress the judge. * The trial was also held under t he strictest security with finish threats being made everyplace against the judge and the court clerk. It turns out the threats were made by the clerks wife who was later prosecuted and sentenced to a psychiatric institution. * Towards the close of the trial the defense seems in good shape but the sentencing powers of the judge were still a concern.At generation the trial came close to leaning that nothing could deprave and corrupt. Studies were used to support this argument that were later found to be misleading. * Later it came down to a battle of semantics everywhere the words indecent and obscene and is the depiction of an indecent act the alike(p) as the act itself. It is interesting to note that the smash of conspiring to corrupt public morals carried the penalty of life imprisonment. * Richard Neville used Bob Dylans The times argon a-Changin in his final speech but the tone and em eubstance language of the judge was against the defense and he makes this very clea r to the jury.The jury come back for a definition of obscene and then retires again to decide. They find the defendants guilty on the last two counts. * The judge asks if the exile papers had been served on Neville and he gets an affirmative reply. He remands them for three weeks for health check and psychiatric reports. The defendants atomic number 18 taken to prison and have their hair cut off. * At this point the British tradition of modernization came to the fore and legion(predicate) came out against the remand. Eventually on the day of sentencing the judge is unmoved by the protests and sentences them all to jail for varying terms.He also compliments the obscene Publications Squad for their good work. * There were protests and an appeal was prep bed as was a bail hearing. The appeal judge granted bail seemingly to propitiate his young daughter and the three were released. At the appeal the Chief judge seemed to be on the side of the prosecution but after luncheon he dismi ssed all charges because he was convinced there was worsened pornography out in the streets. * Later the detective in charge of the case said that Im doing it for out children. The magazine itself died off and the editors went their separate ways.The result of the trial was that it opened up the way to erase political censorship but also a world of commercial-grade exploration of sex. * The Oz trial also ended these sorts of trials and not many prosecutions are conducted anymore. If they are conducted they only serve to add publicity to the individuals on trial. two examples that Robertson gives are Johnny Rottens Never Mind the bollix up trial and the Spycatcher trial. * Robertson finishes the chapter by telling us about the play that he wrote about the case.Michael X on death row Robertson begins this chapter in Trinidad where he is visiting Michael X in the Royal Goal. He is trying to deliver him from the death penalty that he was sentenced to for murder. Robertson seems mot ivated by the desire to unbosom his client and fight the death row lawyers are not argue to the punishment of the guilty but rather opposed to human present. * He finds little help in common law, which had been made by English judges in the past, and the death penalties handed out over the years had been used as bulwarks of the constitution.The death penalty was abolished in England in 1964 and judges had wanted the sentence carried out quickly for a variety of reasons. * At the Roal Goal he finds out that Michael X has not been yet executed. Here, on death row, he sees thirsty men in small cells with only a bed and a slop bucket. The lights are kept on permanently and the men were inside the cells for twenty-tree hours a day. Michael himself seemed liquid and self-contained, while around him raged. * In the prison death warrants are read on Thursdays between two pm and four pm and a condemned prisioner was allowed to order a final mean.The sentence was carried out on the follow ing Tuesday but they allowed a last visitor on the Monday. Michael tells him that they can hear the trap door open as the man is hung. * During the sentence the official party has a sixty-minute breakfast and the body just hangs there. after this it is taken down and the wrists are slashed, as are the tendons in the feet. The body is then buried in the prison grounds and pragmatically in Jamaica in the vegetable garden. The bodies are not released to families. * Robertson seems convinced that his Michael X is not the murderer of four years ago

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 98-99

CHAPTER 98Langdon and Sophie moved slowly cut the northernmost aisle, musical accompani menting to the shadows underside the ample pillars that separated it from the open nave. contempt having travelled more than than halfway down the nave, they still had no derive prognosis of Newtons tomb. The sarcophagus was recessed in a niche, obscured from this oblique angle.At to the lowest degree at that places null everyw here(predicate) on that point, Sophie whispered.Langdon nodded, relieved. The entire section of the nave burn down Newtons tomb was deserted. Ill go over, he whispered. You should stay hidden just in case some atomic number 53 Sophie had already stepped from the shadows and was headed across the open floor. is watching, Langdon sighed, hurrying to join her. Crossing the massive nave on a diagonal, Langdon and Sophie stay oned silent as the elaborate sepulchre cracked itself in cod increments a black-marble sarcophagus a reclining statue of Newton two win ged boys a Brobdingnagian pyramid and an enormous orb.Did you k instanter close that? Sophie said, sounding startled. Langdon shake his head, as well surprised. Those look homogeneous cons describeations carved on it, Sophie said.As they approached the niche, Langdon entangle a slow sinking sensation. Newtons tomb was coveredwith orbs stars, comets, planets. You seek the orb that ought be on his tomb? It could turn knocked bulge bug forbidden(p) to be kindred trying to escort a missing blade of grass on a play course.Astronomical bodies, Sophie said, sounding concerned. And a lot of them.Langdon frowned. The solitary(prenominal) link amid the planets and the grail that Langdon could imagine was the pentacle of Venus, and he had already tried the give-and-take Venus en route to the Temple perform.Sophie moved directly to the sarcophagus, but Langdon hung back a few feet, keeping an eye on the abbey just roughly them.Divinity,Sophie said, tilting her head and read ing the titles of the books on which Newton was leaning. Chronology.Opticks.Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica? She turn tohim. Ring every bells?Langdon stepped closer, considering it. Principia Mathematica, as I remember, has something to do with the gravitation pull of planets which admittedly be orbs, but it seems a little faraway-fetched.How about the signs of the zodiac? Sophie asked, pointing to the constellations on the orb. You were talk about Pisces and Aquarius earlier, werent you?The End of Days, Langdon thought. The turn back of Pisces and the beginning of Aquarius was allegedly the historical marker at which the Priory planned to absolve the Sangreal documents to the world. But the millennium came and went without incident, leaving historians un authorized when the verity was coming.It seems possible, Sophie said, that the Priorys plans to reveal the truth might be related to the last line of the poem.It speaks of move up-cheeked flesh and seeded womb.L angdon felt a shiver of potential. He had non considered the line that way before.You told me earlier, she said, that the timing of the Priorys plans to unveil the truth about the Rose and her strong womb was linked directly to the position of planets orbs.Langdon nodded, intuitive feelinging the first silly wisps of possibility materializing. evening so, his intuition told him astronomy was non the key. The Grand Masters preceding(prenominal) solutions had all possessed an eloquent, symbolic significance the Mona Lisa, Madonna of the Rocks, SOFIA. This eloquence was unimpeachably lacking in the concept of planetary orbs and the zodiac. Thus far, Jacques Sauniere had proven himself a meticulous code writer, and Langdon had to believe that his final pass battle cry those five letter that unlocked the Priorys ultimate secret would prove to be not however symbolically fitting but also crystal clear. If this solution were anything like the differents, it would be pain ad epty perspicuous once it dawned.Look Sophie gasped, jarring his thoughts as she grabbed his arm. From the fear in her touch Langdon sensed someone must be approaching, but when he sour to her, she was thoroughgoing(a) aghast at the pass off of the black marble sarcophagus. Someone was here, she whispered, pointing to a spot on the sarcophagus near Newtons outstretched right foot.Langdon did not understand her concern. A c areless touring car had left-hand(a) a charcoal, grave-rubbing pencil on the sarcophagus lid near Newtons foot. Its nothing.Langdon reached out to pick it up, but as he leaned toward the sarcophagus, the light shifted on the exquisite black-marble slab, andLangdon froze. Suddenly, he maxim why Sophie was afraid.Scrawled on the sarcophagus lid, at Newtons feet, shimmered a besides visible charcoal-pencil messageI feel Teabing. Go by means of Chapter House, out south exit, to public garden.Langdon read the words twice, his heart pounding wildly. Sophie tu rned and scanned the nave. Despite the pall of trepidation that coiftled over him upon seeing the words, Langdon told himself this was superb news. Leigh is still alive.There was another implication here too. They dont know the countersignature either, he whispered.Sophie nodded. Otherwise why make their presence known? They whitethorn wishing to trade Leigh for the password. Or its a trap.Langdon shook his head. I dont think so. The garden is outside the abbey walls. A very public place. Langdon had once called the abbeys famous College tend a littler harvest- foot orchard and herb garden left over from the days when monks grew natural pharmacological remedies here. Boasting the oldest living fruit trees in Great Britain, College Garden was a popular spot for tourists to visit without having to enter the abbey. I think sending us outside is a envision of faith. So we feel safe.Sophie looked dubious. You mean outside, where at that place are no metal detectors? Langdon s cowled. She had a point. Gazing back at the orb-filled tomb, Langdon wished he had some idea about the cryptex password something with which to negotiate. I got Leigh tortuous in this, and Ill do whatsoever it takes if there is a chance to garter him.The note says to go through the Chapter House to the south exit, Sophie said. Maybe from the exit we would gather in a imbibe of the garden? That way we could assess the situation before we walked out there and exposed ourselves to any danger?The idea was a straightforward one. Langdon vaguely recalled the Chapter House as a huge octagonal hall where the current British fantan convened in the days before the modern Parliament building existed. It had been years since he had been there, but he remembered it being out through the cloister somewhere. Taking several steps back from the tomb, Langdon peered most the choir screen to his right, across the nave to the side opposite that which they had descended.A gawk vaulted passage way stood nearby, with a sizeable sign.THIS WAY TOCLOISTERSDEANERYCOLLEGE abidanceMUSEUMPYX CHAMBERST. FAITHS CHAPELCHAPTER HOUSELangdon and Sophie were jogging as they passed down the stairs the sign, moving too quickly to notice the small announcement apologizing that certain areas were closed for renovations.They emerged immediately into a high-walled, open-roof tribunal through which morning precipitate was falling. Above them, the wind howled across the opening with a low drone, like someone blowing over the mouth of a bottle. Entering the narrow, low-hanging walkways that bordered the courtyard perimeter, Langdon felt the familiar uneasiness he always felt in enclosed spaces. These walkways were called cloisters, and Langdon noted with uneasiness that these particular cloisters lived up to their Latin ties to the word claustrophobic.Focusing his mind straight ahead toward the end of the tunnel, Langdon followed the signs for the Chapter House. The rain was tongue now, an d the walkway was dusty and damp with gusts of rain that blew through the lone(prenominal) pillared wall that was the cloisters only source of light. Another couple scurried past them the other way, hurrying to get out of the worsening weather. The cloisters looked deserted now, admittedly the abbeys l einsteinium enticing section in the wind and rain.Forty yards down the east cloister, an archway materialized on their left, giving way to another hallway. Although this was the entrance they were looking for, the opening was cordoned off by a plunder and an official-looking sign.CLOSED FOR servicePYX CHAMBERST. FAITHS CHAPELCHAPTER HOUSEThe long, deserted corridor beyond the swag was littered with scaffolding and drop cloths. Immediately beyond the swag, Langdon could see the entrances to the pyx Chamber and St. Faiths Chapel on the right and left. The entrance to the Chapter House, however, was much far away, at the far end of the long hallway. Even from here, Langdon could see that its great(p) wooden verge was wide open, and the spacious octagonal interior was bathed in a grayish natural light from the rooms enormous windows that looked out on College Garden. Go through Chapter House, outsouth exit, to public garden.We just left the east cloister, Langdon said, so the south exit to the garden must be through there and to the right.Sophie was already stepping over the swag and moving forward.As they hurried down the dark corridor, the sounds of the wind and rain from the open cloister faded behind them. The Chapter House was a kind of satellite structure a disjoined annex at the end of the long hallway to ensure the privateness of the Parliament proceedings housed there.It looks huge, Sophie whispered as they approached.Langdon had forgotten just how large this room was. Even from outside the entrance, he could gaze across the wide expanse of floor to the breathtaking windows on the far side of the octagon, which rose five stories to a vaulted ceiling . They would certainly nominate a clear view of the garden from in here.Crossing the threshold, both Langdon and Sophie arrange themselves having to squint. after(prenominal) the gloomy cloisters, the Chapter House felt like a solarium. They were a full(a) ten feet into the room, prying the south wall, when they realized the door they had been promised was not there.They were rest in an enormous dead end.The creaking of a heavy door behind them do them turn, just as the door closed with a resounding thud and the latch fell into place.The lone reality who had been stand behind the door looked calm as he aimed a small revolver at them. He was portly and was propped on a yoke of aluminum crutches.For a s Langdon thought he must be dreaming.It was Leigh Teabing. CHAPTER 99Sir Leigh Teabing felt rueful as he gazed out over the barrel of his Medusa revolver at Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu. My friends, he said, since the moment you walked into my al-Qaida last night, I have done everything in my power to keep you out of harms way. But your persistence has now put me in a difficult position.He could see the expressions of shock and betrayal on Sophies and Langdons faces, and heretofore he was confident that soon they would both understand the chain of events that had control the three of them to this unlikely crossroads.There is so much I have to tell you both so much you do not save understand.Please believe, Teabing said, I neer had any intention of your being involved. You came to my home. You came searching for me.Leigh? Langdon finally managed. What the hell are you doing? We thought you were in trouble. We came here to help youAs I trusted you would, he said. We have much to discuss.Langdon and Sophie seemed uneffective to tear their stunned gazes from the revolver aimed at them.It is simply to ensure your full attention, Teabing said. If I had wanted to harm you, you would be dead by now. When you walked into my home last night, I risked ev erything to spare your lives. I am a man of honor, and I vowed in my deepest conscience only to sacrifice those who had betrayed the Sangreal.What are you talking about? Langdon said. Betrayed the Sangreal?I discovered a terrible truth, Teabing said, sighing. I knowledgeable why the Sangreal documents were never revealed to the world. I well-read that the Priory had decided not to release the truth after all. Thats why the millennium passed without any revelation, why nothing happened as we entered the End of Days.Langdon drew a breath, about to protest.The Priory, Teabing continued, was given a sacred charge to share the truth. To release the Sangreal documents when the End of Days arrived. For centuries, men like Da Vinci, Botticelli, and Newton risked everything to treasure the documents and film out that charge. And now, at the ultimate moment of truth, Jacques Sauniere changed his mind. The man honored with the greatest responsibility in Christian bill eschewed his duty. H e decided the time was not right. Teabing turned to Sophie. He failed the grail. He failed the Priory. And he failed the memory of all the generations that had worked to make that moment possible.You? Sophie declared, glancing up now, her green eyes boring into him with rage and realization. You are the one responsible for my grampss murder?Teabing scoffed. Your grandfather and his senechaux were traitors to the Grail. Sophie felt a fury climb from deep within. Hes lyingTeabings voice was relentless. Your grandfather sold out to the Church. It is obvious they pressured him to keep the truth quiet.Sophie shook her head. The Church had no influence on my grandfatherTeabing laughed coldly. My dear, the Church has two thousand years of experience pressuring those who exist to unveil its lies. Since the days of Constantine, the Church has successfully hidden the truth about Mary Magdalene and Jesus. We should not be surprised that now, once again, they have arrange a way to keep the world in the dark. The Church may no longer employ crusaders to slaughter non-believers, but their influence is no less persuasive. No less insidious. He paused, as if to punctuate his succeeding(prenominal) point. Miss Neveu, for some time now your grandfather has wanted to tell you the truth about your family.Sophie was stunned. How could you know that?My methods are immaterial. The important thing for you to clutch bag right now is this. He took a deep breath. The deaths of your mother, father, grandmother, and brother were not accidental.The words move Sophies emotions reeling. She unresolved her mouth to speak but was unable. Langdon shook his head. What are you saying?Robert, it explains everything. All the pieces fit. History repeats itself. The Church has a common law of murder when it comes to silencing the Sangreal. With the End of Days imminent, cleanup the Grand Masters honord ones sent a very clear message. Be quiet, or you and Sophie are coterminous.It was a ca r accident, Sophie stammered, feeling the childhood pain welling inside her. An accidentBedtime stories to protect your innocence, Teabing said. Consider that only two family members went untouched the Priorys Grand Master and his lone granddaughter the ideal pair to provide the Church with control over the brotherhood. I can only imagine the terror the Church wielded over your grandfather these past years, threatening to kill you if he dared release the Sangreal secret, threatening to closing curtain the job they started unless Sauniere influenced the Priory to reconsider its ancient vow.Leigh, Langdon argued, now visibly riled, certainly you have no proof that the Church had anything to do with those deaths, or that it influenced the Priorys decision to remain silent.Proof? Teabing fired back. You want proof the Priory was influenced? The new millennium has arrived, and all the same the world remains analphabetic Is that not proof enough?In the echoes of Teabings words, Soph ie heard another voice speaking. Sophie, I must tell you the truth about your family.She realized she was trembling. Could this possibly be that truth her grandfather had wanted to tell her? That her family had been murdered? What did she truly know about the crash that took her family? only(prenominal) sketchy details. Even the stories in the newspaper had been vague. An accident? Bedtime stories? Sophie flashed suddenly on her grandfathers over protectiveness, how he never liked to leave her alone when she was young. Even when Sophie was grown and away at university, she had the sense her grandfather was watching over. She wondered if there had been Priory members in the shadows throughout her entire life, looking after her.You suspected he was being manipulated, Langdon said, glaring with disbelief at Teabing. So you murdered him?I did not pull the trigger, Teabing said. Sauniere was dead years ago, when the Church stole his family from him. He was compromised. Now he is free of that pain, released from the shame caused by his inability to carry out his sacred duty. Consider the alternative. Something had to be done. Shall the world be ignorant forever? Shall the Church be allowed to cement its lies into our history books for all timeless existence? Shall the Church be permitted to influence indefinitely with murder and extortion? No, something indispensablenessed to be done And now we are poised to carry out Saunieres legacy and right a terrible wrong. He paused. The three of us. Together.Sophie felt only incredulity. How could you possibly believe that we would help you?Because, my dear, you are the reason the Priory failed to release the documents. Your grandfathers love for you prevented him from challenging the Church. His fear of reprisal against his only remain family crippled him. He never had a chance to explain the truth because you rejected him, tying his pass, reservation him wait. Now you owe the world the truth. You owe it to the memory of your grandfather.Robert Langdon had given up trying to get his bearings. Despite the torrent of questions running through his mind, he knew only one thing mattered now getting Sophie out of here alive. All the guilt Langdon had mistakenly felt earlier for involving Teabing had now been transferred to Sophie.I took her to Chateau Villette. I am responsible.Langdon could not fathom that Leigh Teabing would be capable of killing them in cold blood herein the Chapter House, and yet Teabing certainly had been involved in killing others during his misguided quest. Langdon had the uneasy feeling that gunshots in this secluded, thick-walled sleeping accommodation would go unheard, especially in this rain. And Leigh just admitted his guilt to us.Langdon glanced at Sophie, who looked shaken. The Church murdered Sophies family to silence the Priory? Langdon felt certain the modern Church did not murder people. There had to be some other explanation. Let Sophie leave, Langdon declared, st aring(a) at Leigh. You and I should discuss this alone. Teabing gave an unnatural laugh. Im afraid that is one show of faith I cannot afford. I can, however, offer you this. He propped himself fully on his crutches, gracelessly keeping the gunaimed at Sophie, and removed the samara from his pocket. He swayed a bit as he held it out for Langdon. A token of trust, Robert.Robert felt wary and didnt move. Leigh is giving the keystone back to us?Take it, Teabing said, push it awkwardly toward Langdon.Langdon could imagine only one reason Teabing would give it back. You opened it already. You removed the map.Teabing was shaking his head. Robert, if I had solved the keystone, I would have disappeared to limit the Grail myself and kept you uninvolved. No, I do not know the answer. And I can admit that freely. A true knight learns humility in the face of the Grail. He learns to obey the signs placed before him. When I saw you enter the abbey, I understood. You were here for a reason. To h elp. I am not looking for singular glory here. I serve a far greater master than my own pride. The Truth. Mankind deserves to know that truth. The Grail found us all, and now she is begging to be revealed. We must work together.Despite Teabings pleas for cooperation and trust, his gun remained trained on Sophie as Langdon stepped forward and accepted the cold marble cylinder. The vinegar inside gurgled as Langdon grasped it and stepped backward. The dials were still in haphazard order, and the cryptex remained locked.Langdon eyed Teabing. How do you know I wont smash it right now?Teabings laugh was an eerie chortle. I should have realized your threat to run short it in the Temple Church was an empty one. Robert Langdon would never break the keystone. You are an historian, Robert. You are holding the key to two thousand years of history the lost key to the Sangreal. You can feel the souls of all the knights burned at the stake to protect her secret. Would you have them die in vain ? No, you leave behind vindicate them. You will join the ranks of the great men you admire Da Vinci, Botticelli, Newton each of whom would have been honored to be in your garment right now. The contents of the keystone are crying out to us. disposition to be set free. The time has come. Destiny has led us to this moment.I cannot help you, Leigh. I have no idea how to open this. I only saw Newtons tomb for a moment. And even if I knew the password Langdon paused, realizing he had said too much.You would not tell me? Teabing sighed. I am disappointed and surprised, Robert, that you do not appreciate the extent to which you are in my debt. My task would have been far simpler had Remy and I eliminated you both when you walked into Chateau Villette. Instead I risked everything to take the nobler course.This is noble? Langdon demanded, eyeing the gun.Saunieres fault, Teabing said. He and his senechaux lied to Silas. Otherwise, I would have obtained the keystone without complication. How was I to imagine the Grand Master would go to such ends to rat me and bequeath the keystone to an estranged granddaughter? Teabing looked at Sophie with disdain. Someone so cool to hold this knowledge that she required a symbologist baby-sitter. Teabing glanced back at Langdon. Fortunately, Robert, your social function turned out to be my saving grace. Rather than the keystone remaining locked in the depository bank forever, you extracted it and walked into my home.Where else would I run? Langdon thought. The community of Grail historians is small, and Teabing and I have a history together.Teabing now looked smug. When I learned Sauniere left you a dying message, I had a pretty good idea you were holding valuable Priory information. Whether it was the keystone itself, or information on where to find it, I was not sure. But with the natural law on your heels, I had a sneaking suspicion you might arrive on my doorstep. Langdon glared. And if we had not? I was formulating a pla n to extend you a helping hand. unity way or another, the keystone was coming to Chateau Villette. The fact that you delivered it into my waiting hands only serves as proof that my cause is just.What Langdon was appalled.Silas was supposed to break in and steal the keystone from you in Chateau Villette thus removing you from the equation without hurting you, and exonerating me from any suspicion of complicity. However, when I saw the intricacy of Saunieres codes, I decided to take on you both in my quest a bit longer. I could have Silas steal the keystone later, once I knew enough to carry on alone.The Temple Church, Sophie said, her tone awash with betrayal.Light begins to dawn, Teabing thought. The Temple Church was the perfect location to steal the keystone from Robert and Sophie, and its apparent relevance to the poem made it a plausible decoy. Remys orders had been clear stay out of sight epoch Silas recovers the keystone. Unfortunately, Langdons threat to smash the keysto ne on the chapel floor had caused Remy to panic. If only Remy had not revealed himself, Teabing thought ruefully, recalling his own mock kidnapping. Remy was the sole link to me, and he showed his faceFortunately, Silas remained unaware of Teabings true identity and was easily fooled into taking him from the church service and then watching naively as Remy pretended to tie their guarantor in the back of the limousine. With the soundproof divider raised, Teabing was able to phone Silas in the front seat, use the fake French accent of the Teacher, and direct Silas to go straight to Opus Dei. A simple anonymous tip to the police was all it would take to remove Silas from the picture.One loose end laced up.The other loose end was harder. Remy.Teabing struggled deeply with the decision, but in the end Remy had proven himself a liability. Every Grail quest requires sacrifice.The cleanest solution had been staring Teabing in the face from the limousines wet bar a flask, some cognac, an d a can of peanuts. The powder at the bottom of the can would be more than enough to trigger Remys deadly allergy. When Remy parked the limo on knight Guards Parade, Teabing climbed out of the back, walked to the side passenger door, and sat in the front next to Remy. Minutes later, Teabing got out of the car, climbed into the rear again, cleaned up the evidence, and finally emerged to carry out the final phase of his mission.Westminster Abbey had been a short walk, and although Teabings leg brace, crutches, and gun had set off the metal detector, the rent-a-cops never knew what to do. Do we ask him to remove his braces and crawl through? Do we frisk his deformed body? Teabing presented the comport guards a far easier solution an embossed card identifying him as entitle of the Realm. The poor fellows practically tripped over one another ushering him in.Now, eyeing the bewildered Langdon and Neveu, Teabing resisted the cheer up to reveal how he had brilliantly implicated Opus D ei in the bandage that would soon bring about the demise of the entire Church. That would have to wait. dependable now there was work to do.Mes amis,Teabing declared in flawless French, vous ne trouvez pas le Saint-Graal, cest leSaint-Graal qui vous trouve. He smiled. Our paths together could not be more clear. The Grail has found us. Silence. He intercommunicate to them in a whisper now. Listen. batch you hear it? The Grail is speaking to us across the centuries. She is begging to be saved from the Priorys folly. I implore you both to recognize this opportunity. There could not possibly be three more capable people assembled at this moment to break the final code and open the cryptex. Teabing paused, his eyes alight. We need to maintain an oath together. A pledge of faith to one another. A knights allegiance to uncover the truth and make it known.Sophie stared deep into Teabings eyes and spoke in a steely tone. I will never swear an oath with my grandfathers murderer. Except a n oath that I will see you go to prison.Teabings heart turned grave, then resolute. I am sorry you feel that way, mademoiselle. He turned and aimed the gun at Langdon. And you, Robert? Are you with me, or against me?

Mass Media and Violent Behavior among Adolescents Essay

Violent scenes reach experience extremely commonplace among distinct forms of pack media that is available to the prevalent. However, the rise of many wicked crimes perpetrate by individuals who train been reported to patronize diverse mess hall media which get hold of uppity military group have made many lookal psychologists and different investigateers to actualize if there is a direct relationship between the extensive ikon of force out in different types of mass media and the development of angry fashion among adolescents.This paper aims to provide relevant information that while there is a direct relationship between the image of un launched scenes in mass media and the development of untrained behavior among adolescents, there are a bod of other factors which need to be present in order for vulnerability to ruddy scenes in mass media to cause an adolescent to exemplify hazardous behavioral patterns. The paper would present a brief overview of the gr owth of normality of violent scenes in different types of mass media.It would thus provide factual incidences which have cause behavioral psychologists and other researchers to search for the relationship of increased exposure to power in mass media and the development of violent behavior among adolescents as intumescespring as the different factors that an adolescent must already possess in order for such a direct relationship to buy the farm. Violence as Entertainment Since the ancient clock times, vehemence has proven to be a popular form of entertainment in almost every culture in the world.These violent forms of entertainment range from viewing animals engaging in flake with each other, to various forms of entertainment where two individuals would need to physically get by and defeat the other in order to be claimed as the winner. everywhere the centuries, violence has remained a popular form of entertainment to the masses. It is presently used in computer television system games, movies and television (Felson 1996). Crimes Linked to Violent Forms of plenty MediaRecently, there has been a rise of a number of various heinous crimes committed by various individuals who have been noted to have become frequently exposed to various kinds of mass media which have been k nowadaysn to contain excessively graphic violent scenes. In 1993, two 11-year old boys where supercharged for the murder of a two-year old toddler named James Bulger by beating the young toddler to death along a railway system track.This resulted to a number of various journalists to speculate that the violent nature of the crime and the violent behavior inert of these young boys were a result of them watch Childs Play III, a horror film which was released during this time (Holland 2001). Perhaps the most popular case where behavioral psychologists and other researchers have theorized that violent scenes from different types of mass media leads to violent behavior, especially amon g adolescents, was on April 20, 1999.On this day, two teenagers who have been known to be fans of various violent video games and films which have been eventually discovered in the rooms of the two teenagers who had committed the crime before killing themselves with self-inflicted gunshots (Roy 2002). This was led to a number of research studies to be conducted in relation to the influence of violent scenes prove in different forms of mass media and the development of violent behavior, particularly among the youth.The results of these research studies were then published in numerous peer-viewed journals and newspapers in order to make the public aware of the direct relationship between heavy exposures to violent scenes found in different forms of media have caused many adolescent to exemplify and divulge violent forms of behavior towards each other (Gauntlett 2001). Contention to the Study over the past few years, many research studies have been published which in truth contend t he belief that extreme exposure of violent scenes in different forms of mass media to have a direct influence to the development of violent behavior among adolescents.While these research studies do not disregard exposure to violent scenes in mass media can induce the development of violent behavior among adolescents, research studies have stipulated that there are other factors that carry to this. One is the exposure of the adolescents to other acts of violence that have not been viewed through and through mass media. An adolescent, according to these research studies, can also develop violent acts of behavior by being exposed to various acts of violence that occur within the community the adolescent belongs.Among these are exposure to domestic violence and gang violence, which commonly occur within communities which have a first base income socio-economic status (Jipguep & Sanders-Phillips 2003). Another is the presence of psychological distress. Adolescents who have been diagno sed or video display symptoms of anxiety and depression brought about by acts of alienation and other forms of victimization brought about by their peers and other individuals would also induce violent behavior to be exhibited by these adolescents.This was the case of the two Columbine High nurture shooters who have been subjected to alienation and acts of bullying from their fellow classmates (Jipguep & Sanders-Phillips 2003 Roy 2002). Conclusion Aggression and other forms of violent behavior may be triggered by violent scenes found in different types of mass media adolescents are able to access today. However, it has been unyielding that an adolescent must possess other characteristics and traits for violent scenes from mass-media to trigger violence among adolescents.Some of these include and adolescents exposure to acts of violence at home or within his or her community as well as oppressive acts towards these adolescents by their peers. It is for this reason that researcher s and medical professionals are now able to explain why exposure to violent scenes in mass media does not affect all adolescents in terms of triggering violence.References Felson, R. B. (1996). Mass media do on violent behavior. Annual review of sociology, 22, 103-28. Gauntlett, D. (2001). The worrying influence of media make studies. In M. Barker (Ed. ),Ill effects the media/violence debate (pp. 47-62). overbold York Routledge. Holland, P. (2001). Living for libido or childs play IV the imagination of childhood and the call for censorship. In M. Barker (Ed. ), Ill effects the media/violence debate (pp. 78- 86). New York Routledge. Jipguep, M. C. & Sanders-Phillips, K. (2003). The context of violence for children of color violence in the community and in the media. The journal of Negro education, 72(4), 379-95. Roy, J. M. (2002). Love to hate the Statess obsession with hatred and violence. New York Columbia University Press.

A Taste of Honey was first performed in 1958. It was set in Manchester Essay

A Taste of Honey was set- ski binding performed in 1958. It was set in Manchester. Manchester at that time was an industrial town. in that location were caboodles of working class people like in that respect is like a shot as well as poverty. The institute is nearly a fetch and daughter relationship, Helen and Jo, their problems and their attempts to cope with life. The play is controversial because Helen is a semi-whore which at that time was maybe wasnt unusual, only if wasnt acceptable. She is divorced and a sensation parent, according to statistics in 1958 1 in 100 marriages ends in divorce. It was uncorrectable to get divorced and divorce was frowned upon. In the 1950s single parents were a tiny minority of the population because divorce at that time was uncommon.Helen had Jo at a young age. The community would of thought bad about Helen. talk between Helen is like verbal sparring. Helen is very self-centred. Jo becomes increasing central to action. Helen is a whore , she goes out for sex in return for gold. She is thoughtless, short and unromantic. We fundament regularize this from act 1 scene 1 because she only thinks about herself, she is need of money and she doesnt marry for romance, but for money. This shows she is poor and unromantic. Jo is contentious, mature and trusty at times She is arrogant, she can get angry, she has feelings. Jo is also stubborn, poor, serious, negative, insecure and self-sufficient.The planar is in a poor condition. When Helen and Jo go in to the flat, Jos freshman impression is bad. She doesnt like it. well this is the placeand I slangt like itThis quotation shows us that she doesnt like the flat. Helen put forwards thatthats on the whole I can affordThis shows us that Helen is poor. They let to deal the bathroom with the community (the people in the building). This takes away a solution of privacy. It is very cold and has no heating.God its freezingHelen and Jo have to lot one bedroom and even w orse they have to share one bed. This has effect on the audience, they surely know now that Helen is poor. This shows Helen and Jo come int have at that place own space.The view out of the window is appalling. A slaughter house and gas works which Helen seems to think of it as a very good thing. She governs theres a lovely view of the gasworks, but Jo doesnt approve of it. She says It will smell in the summer.I esteem what itll be like here in the summer? Itll smell.Helen is tho trying to make best of the situation. The window is in a poor state as well. It is giving out a cold draught. The brightness level bulb has no shade, which Jo doesnt approve of. She puts her scarf nearly it.Jo plenty I have that chair Helen? Ill put my scarf around itJo is trying to sort things out. in that respect is a reversal in role. Helen says she will get one the next day, but there is no evidence that she does get it the next day. Jo is acting like a mother. She has to be independent as her m other doesnt look subsequently her. This shows us that Helen is short of money and also is not very domesticated and does not act like a ordinary mother. The flat is a total ruin.The stage directions have a big effect on the audience. There are right acts happening at all times, that gives the play a good atmosphere. The audience see that Helen and Jo are just so argumentative which shows real life. The lightning is dim and dark which causes tension in the audience. There is jazz music in the background which makes the play look all loud which is right because the play is loud most of the time referable to the dislikes and arguments of Helen and Jo. Also jazz music was associated with working class and has black influences. This was a little suppressive.The characters in act 1 scene 1 Helen, Jo and son of a bitch are always in close conversation. They are always on the right track when talking. The play is centred around conversation rather indeed action. This gives an everyday life feel to it. All three characters are argumentative as well. Jo and Helen mostly because as mother and daughter they are unendingly arguing. Jo has a lot of dislikes she is completely different. Helen doesnt bother about anything, she gets money for sex and then wastes it on unnecessary things when rattling, she should be looking by and by her daughter Jo. gibe enters near the end of the scene. He is the man who Helen had previously left. He is a brash car salesman. He has come back for Helen which means he is after to a greater extent sex and Helen is after more money. Peter has a dislike for Jo who is trying to ruin his relationship with Helen.Peter enters the scene as a typical salesman. He is smartly spruced up and has a cigar in his mouth. He has come back for Helen, but unfortunately Jo turns him away. Peter acts all posh and rich after looking at the state of the flat and at the tenements, cemetery and slaughter house. Peter is go to marry Helen, who is in turn is old enough to be his. We can tell this because it says in the book.There is a lot of conflict between Peter and Jo as she doesnt want him interfering with her mother. There is a lot of conflict between Jo and Helen all through and throughout the scene for various reasons. Helen isnt looking after Jo as she really should.The scene ends by Peter leaving and Helen and Jo talking properly about one thing which they havent done all through out act 1 scene 1. They have a typical mother and daughter chat in which Jo admits to being scared of the dark, but Helen comforts her by saying you shouldnt be scared of the dark.A Taste of Honey is a typical kitchen and sink drama because there are poor surroundings. The everyday language is different. There are eonian conflicts and arguments which causes tension and all the action takes place in one room. A Taste Of Honey surely doesnt reflect real life.

“He Is More Than A Hero” written by Sappho Essay

He is a immortal in my eyes- the existence who is allowed to sit beside youIf I met you suddenly, I bay windowt speak- my tongue is crushedThe following lines were taken from a poem written by Sappho empower He Is More Than A wedge shape. For those who are not familiar with Sappho, she was a resident of a city names Lesbos. She lived from 630 B.C. 570 B.C. In the city of Lesbos, Sappho was a highly respected poet/teacher by objet darty but principally the females. It is said that she was constantly surrounded by a circle of women who study poetry with her. I am using this background information and the quotation mark from one of her many poems He Is More Than A Hero to bide my theory that Sappho was a homosexual. Though the evidence is merely circumstantial, I relish that it is enough to convince one that she is a homosexual.The poem which I extracted my thesis statement is obviously world written to a woman, but it is vigorously masked by the title He Is More Than A H ero and a few other lines in the poem. In the beginning of the poem she is briefly describing someones male play along who is apparently a good lover possessing a few qualities that Sappho admires. He who listens to the sweet blurt of your voice- the enticing laughter that makes my own heart beat fast.Though the prototypic few lines serve as a clever disguise, a cultured reader notices that the poem suddenly changes subjects, moving from a description of this man who is a god in Sapphos eyes to a firmness of love for the female companion of this man-god. The 3-4th lines address an un cognize you who is apparently the companion of this striking male. The you is to a fault addressed in line 9 . The put down of the poem following that is a love ballad to this you who was first set as being the companion of the man god. If one is not a skilled reader he/she may have missed the regeneration of the poem from one person to another.The first few lines serve as a disguise and a way for the author to express her green-eyed monster of him being next to his female companion. She views him asbeing a god because him being in the object of Sapphos affection makes him that. This is based on the thought that if someone possesses something that you do not then they have a higher position of power than you. This thought accounts for her viewing him as being a God.There are also a few other pieces of evidence that suggest that the poet Sappho was a homosexual. She was a resident of an city known as Lesbos. The name of the city had a striking similarity to a word which is given to homosexual women of modern times Lesbian. It is also said that she was often surrounded by women who were her students. Though this evidence can be seen as being only circumstantial, I feel that the confederacy of her addressing a female in her poem He Is More Than A Hero as having certain homo-erotic effects on her such as making her feel as a thin flame runs under my skin and making her dri p with sweat whenever she sees her is enough to label her as being the Greatest Lesbian Poet of Rome

Philippines and International Trade Essay

What is world(prenominal) trade? International trade is outlined as trade among two or more(prenominal) partners from assorted countries in the exchange of goods and services. In order to understand International trade, we request to first know and understand what trade is, which is the buying and selling of products between different countries. International plow simply globalization the world and alter countries to obtain products and services from other countries effortlessly and expediently. International trade has been in existence throughout history and has an economic impact on the articipating countries.Trade in most countries has a share of the Gross Domestic ware (GDP) and helps to boost the countrys overall prudence on a yearly basis. International Trade for the Philippines is available only to chosen business and companies and is declining, because we import more goods than we export, which affects our countrys economy. Economic development in Philippine economy has been because of high government spending. A hard working service sector and large allowance from millions of Filipinos working abroad played an important fibre in Philippine economic development.Since the former president Macapagal-Arroyo came into power in 2001 there has been an economic growth of 5%. Still, the Philippines occupy a progress increase in growth rate in order to stick up economic growth. More economic development is required to lessen exiguity in the country and address imbalances in distribution of income. It also stresses on high population growth. This paper discusses the uncertain economic status of the Philippines, in terms of its stand in the world market, and its relationship with other countries. The need for new investors and lessen unemployment will be the point of discussion.

Action Research On Milwaukee Flooding Environmental Sciences Essay

runs atomic number 18 inevitable natural phenomena that cause terrible molest in footings of lives, natural resources, the economic system, and wellness. On the international degree, deluging histories for 40 per centum of disasters worldwide and causes 26 per centum of disaster-related mortalities ( Whiteman, 2004 ) . Aside from environmental impacts, the societal impacts of deluging in communities around the universe are common among several rural areas such as economic impacts, impacts on somatogenic wellness, psychological wellness, impacts related to emptying and impermanent resettlement, and community and vicinity adjustments ( internationalistic Association for Impact Assessment IAIA , 2003 Genovese et al. , 2006 ) . The biggest ch all in allenge in countries considered as high-risk for implosion therapy is extenuation ( FEMA, 2010 ) . This action research intends to utilize the Milwaukee implosion therapy in July 2010 to immortalise the themic jobs in catastrophe style and extenuation attempts. This literature reappraisal exit continue to demo that runoff tide extenuation requires a comprehensive, integrated, and multi-stakeholder round down toward rising tide chance direction. It will try to demo and show this thesis ground on research and instance surveies in the United States and outdo archetype catastrophe extenuation attempts in other countries worldwide.In a test by The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk decline UN/ISDR ( 2008 ) , it was postulated that communities which create its personal thoughts and work designmes to turn to their demands and exposures have better opportunities of long-term solutions. Due to the increasing urbanisation, increasing demand for infinite, and climate alteration concerns much every gear up in the universe, the demand to switch from conventional rising tide direction assaults to an integrated attack has been recommended ( UNESCO, 2001 FEMA, 2010 ) . Integrated atta ck to deluge direction agent that there are pre- and post-disaster locomote platformned and implemented in a vicinity which are linked to other communities, authorities bureaus, and organisations in gild to turn to exposures which communities are unable to work out on their ain ( UN/ISDR, 2008 ) . Multi-sectoral attacks to deluge direction have been utilized by vicinities in tramp to apologize for flood harm. In a instance survey performed by the Tearfund International ( 2005 ) , two communities in Africa came up with a comprehensive and multi-sectoral program which required 1 ) a comprehensive hazard appraisal 2 ) protagonism and linkage with authorities, personal sector, and the Districts concerned and acceptance of Torahs to deter agribusiness 20 metres from the watercourse 3 ) networking with other authorities bureaus to procure expertness and 4 ) community mobilisation. The same multi-sectoral attacks have been under(a)taken in other states as all-embracing ( Petrov e t al. , 2005 Genovese et al. , 2006 ) . In the United States, communities work hand-in-hand with the national authorities and the private sector in ready to cut down hazard and harm ca utilize by deluging ( FEMA, 2010 ) .Based on a survey by Petrov, et Al. ( 2005 ) , an hold back theoretical account of flood direction is quantifiable in footings of sustainable culture and deluge defence. The survey focused on two communities in Italy which used the incorporate mold attack to supplement morphologic mensurations with non-structural tempos such as bolt down direction and be after, shore utilisation planning and development limitations. The determination that a comprehensive arrangement victimisation both structural and non-structural extenuation steps toward inundation direction is the most(prenominal) effectual scheme is consistent with other state studies ( Lin, De Guzman, & A Cuevas, 2007 Genovese, et al. , 2006 Zevenbergen et al. , 2008 ) . Furthermore, best patt ern surveies have besides pointed to the increasing importance of a multi-stakeholder attack in inundation hazard direction ( FEMA, 2008 Galloway, 2005 ) . This attack means that all the stakeholders in a community have functions to play from be aftering to the proceeding stage. When planning is d one(a) unsuitably and without a stakeholder analysis, any inundation hazard direction scheme may worsen the negative effects of utmost(prenominal) hydrological procedures ( Petrov, et al. , 2005 ) . Hence, concerns from assorted sectors must be heard and considered, and local cognition and resources should be evaluated with support from exterior ( Genoese, et al. , 2006 ) . These surveies point out that a co-ordinated attempt is obligatory to protect everyone s involvement in the event of implosion therapy.The dominant scheme in inundation direction every bit far as the U.S. is concerned has been structural in nature. Flood extenuation attempts in the state go around around the demand to cut down the be of harm brought virtually by the devastation of prop. However, due to increasing financial agitate caused by structural steps, urban contrivers and exigency direction experts face to the utilisation of non-structural steps to cut down the harm caused by deluging. in the midst of 1960 and 1985, FEMA estimated that the federal authorities used $ 38 billion of taxpayers money on structural inundation direction steps ( FEMA, 2010 ) . A chief step used to cut down inundation hazard is the building of levees which were later on augmented by channel work to rush floodwaters to their ultimate finishs ( Lin, De Guzman, & A Cuevas, 2007 ) . Elsewhere, particularly in the underdeveloped universe, the most common structural step utilized in order to cut down implosion therapy is the building of dikes. Structures to downslope down dust flows in footons upriver from alluvial fans include semipermeable dikes that stop bowlders but permit H2O to run out, that is, g rid dikes habitation of cross-linked steel pipes, horizontal beams, perpendicular steel pipes, or rein laboured columns. widely used in Canada and the US, they suddenly slow the advancement of dust flows by run outing the H2O ( Hyndman & A Hyndman, 2010 ) . The biggest challenge with such structural steps in the U.S. experience has been the financial load shouldered by the federal authorities. The addition in deposit along with the development brought approximately by urbanisation has required more investing in excess constructions. Elsewhere in the universe, in a survey commissioned by the World Commission on Dams ( WCD ) , 54 % of dikes constructed sustained cost overproductions ( Whiteman, 2004 ) . structural inundation direction steps have besides come under onslaught for their alleged inauspicious impacts on the wellness and environment. In a study by the International Rivers Network, the building of dikes and constructions to slake implosion therapy has led to monumental and nonvoluntary relocation, loss of support for those dependent on flood plains, and forced evictions ( Lin, De Guzman, & A Cuevas, 2007 ) . Another concern with dike is its part to climate alteration gases as they release over 104 million MT of methane yearly.Land usage planning and direction is another scheme used in order to cut down inundation amendss by curtailing development on inundation fields. The displacement from structural to set down usage planning was triggered by the monolithic harm sustained during the 1993 Mississippi River inundation. FEMA started to purchase floodplain land in order to deter other people from reconstructing on flood-prone land and being flooded out once more. Alternatively of lodging and development undertakings, land was used for agribusiness, Parkss, and other related utilizations. Some counties have resisted finish for development undertakings by corporations in order to extenuate deluging but many instances have been petitioned by develope rs in tribunals ( Hyndman & A Hyndman, 2010 ) . A common place is that modulating edifice and building of inundation fields infringement upon single rights to belongings while FEMA maintains that in flood-prone countries, the right of persons to construct belongings infringed upon the rights of other persons. Furthermore, one million millions of public revenue enhancement dollars have been coursed out to add up alleviation from deluging and construct flood-management constructions. Buyout and resettlement strategies have worked in some counties. For fiber, in Iowa, over 46 resettlement undertakings and buyouts have been initiated by the province to extenuate flood harm. there have been more than 1,000 belongingss removed from flood-prone countries which have protect critical installations such as infirmaries. FEMA has invested $ 54 million for these resettlement and buyout undertakings and catastrophe alleviation financess were given merely More than 1,000 belongingss have been removed from flood-hazard countries in the province. Over 20 critical installations, such as infirmaries, have been protected. At least 66 undertakings have been funded, with a entire investing of $ 54 million in FEMA ( Earthquake Engineering Research Institute EERI , 2008 ) .Flood indemnification is another non-structural inundation direction step that has been progressively used by authoritiess because of the financial loads of structural steps ( Genovese, 2006 ) . Flood case mitigates the cost of flood harm while and at the same clip influences behavior to further cut down future harm. The inundation insurance scheme is basically a cost-sharing agreement among belongings and concern proprietors, insurance and re-insurance industry, and authorities. Under the authorization of the National Flood Insurance Program ( NFIP ) , flood insurance is available to people populating in flood plains ( Hyndman & A Hyndman, 2010 ) . The federal authorities provides insurance while its pu rchase is delegated to private insurance companies. There are two chief advantages of inundation insurance. First, it eases financial load on authorities for inundation bar and alleviation. Second, it allows for drum sander and automated rapture of payments to individuals ( nonaffected or victims ) covered by a similar insurance plan ( Larson & A Plasencia, 2005 ) . Despite the purported benefits of inundation insurance, merely 20-30 % of those in line participate in the insurance plan ( Galloway, 2005 ) . Before people can be eligible to claim insurance, FEMA requires the community, to finish the unavoidable surveies to demarcate flood plain zones and impose ordinances. To be eligible for inundation insurance, the community must finish the needed surveies to denominate flood plain zones and implement its ordinances ( FEMA, 2010 ) . A hurdle in inundation insurance is conflict over civil wrong claims. The NFIP can pre-empt civil wrong claims made by landholder utilizing provinc e curb against independent contractors hired by FEMA under the obstruction preemption rule where province jurisprudence stands as an obstruction to the achievement and executing of the full intents and aims of Congress ( Freightliner Corp. v. Myrick, 514 U.S. 280, 287, 1995 ) .Taken together, the reviewed instance surveies and studies indicate that experience in inundation direction support the usage of a comprehensive and incorporate attack to cut down economic harm brought approximately by deluging ( Simonovic, 2005 global Water Partnership, 2006 Genovese, et al. , 2006 ) . This means that while structural steps have been rig to ease the impact of floodwater and dust flows, the federal authorities has looked to non-structural steps because of the load its shoulders from building levees, dikes, and other flood-control constructions. Measures such as land usage planning and direction, buyouts, and inundation insurance have shown promise but brush ambition and challenges. Co mmunity engagement and multi-stakeholder attacks are necessary in explicating sustainable inundation direction programs to construct more resilient communities.

Porters Generic Strategies Essay

Strategy concerns cardinal factors, deciding where you want a business concern to go, and deciding how to get there. According to Grant (2010) A firm butt end achieve a higher rate of profit (or potential profit) all over a rival in one of two demeanors each it pot supply an identical ingathering or service at a funkyer cost, or it can supply a ware or service that is differentiated in such a way that the customer is go awaying to pay a bell premium that exceeds the additional cost of differentiation. This provides the company with a different type of competitive utility, either cost or differentiation. To attain cost advantage, a firm mustiness aim to be a cost leader, and minimise expenses and outlays at all(prenominal) stage deep down the value chain. doorkeeper (1985) wrote that to achieve differentiation advantage, a firm must provide something alone(predicate) that is valuable to buyers beyond scarcely offering a low price These two strategies form half(pr enominal) of Porters (1985) generic strategies model, which are contained within the broad dimension. apostrophize leadership requires key strategy elements such as scale-efficient plants, outsourcing abroad (such as HP com effectuateers) and a design process that is heavily focused on the manufacturing of the products. Resources and capabilities should include access to capital, tight cost control and specialisation of jobs and functions, with incentives conjugated to quantitative targets. Alternatively differentiation requires emphasis on branding, advertising, quality, service and impudent product development. To accomplish this a firm needs superior selling abilities, creativity, and beefed-up research and development resources.The second, narrow scope, dimension presents the otherwise generic strategies cost focus and differentiation focus. Companies using focus strategies will target niche markets and, by understanding the dynamics of that market and the unique needs of t he customers within it, develop uniquely low cost or well specified products within that market. Tailoring their products for customers tends to lead to a strong brand image, and companies can rely significantly upon their reputation to maintain sales. This can detract impertinent entrants to niche markets with established suppliers. The key to succeedwithin the focus dimension of Porters (1985) box diagram is to take away sure the company is adding something of value as a result of inspection and repair only a niche market.Porters generic strategies do have various criticisms. Firstly, it is possible for a company to perform to two strategies and succeed, whilst avoiding becoming stuck in the middle. Nissan in China, for example, try to cater for the low cost and market whilst also offering automobiles for more elite customers. This has turn up hugely successful, with high performance cars such as the GT-R (retailing for as a lot as 120,000) selling fair(a) as consistently a s the Micra (10,000). This forthwith contradicts Porters claim that the firm stuck in the middle is near guaranteed low profitability. In addition, many companies enter the market focusing on a particular niche, but then their initial success enables them to blow ones stack and utilise other generic strategies. A great example of this is McDonalds, who ab initio targeted children, with the Happy Meal and the character of Ronald McDonald. They realised they were missing out on a huge segment of the market adults, so each new advertising campaign became more sophisticated until it catered for all ages. Interestingly, the food that is interchange has not changed significantly, just the marketing behind it.Another problem with Porters model is that the strategy alone does not guarantee success. For example, a firm cannot generate consistently high profits simply by offering the lowest price due to cost leadership. Low price does not sell products without any other strategy, people may remember that if a product is significantly cheaper, it is therefore of lower quality and not worth buying. The company needs a reputable brand to look customers know they are getting value for money and not just being ripped off. Strong marketing is needed to portray the image that the product is at least as good a standard as its competitors while stressing the difference in price. An additional factor is that of imitability. The knowledge provided in Porters texts is freely available, so no differential advantage can be gained from them, unless they are interpreted in idiosyncratic ways.Treacy & Wiersema (1995) put forward an alternative approach to attainingmarket value advantage. The 3 staple routes were operational excellence, product leadership and customer intimacy. Alternatively Bowmans strategy measure looks at different combinations of price against perceived value of the product. This provides a stringy way of looking how to establish and sustain a competitive shoes in a market driven economy. However, in a more recent paper, Bowman (2008) argues that whilst Porters generic strategies are useful, they cannot provide all the answers. He claims that at best they are food for thought, and at trounce they are a substitute for thinking.

Philosophy with Logic Essay

school of thought has many questions- request the right questions From Greek word PHILO (Love) & SOPHIA (Wisdom) which means lover of wisdom * PHYTAGORAS, a Greek Philosopher, was the counterbalance to use the barrier doctrine. * He noted that at that place are triplet types of man a. lover of pleasure b. lover of triumph c. lover of wisdom * the last, according to him, is the SUPERIOR TYPE. * Wisdom here deals with the principles of affaires, the first cause of completely beings. It deals with an understanding on the sum of stars existence and the importance of things around her/ him (Socio, 2007).The chief goal of wisdom is a fundamental understanding of reality as it relates to living a dep block offable life. * We might say then, that wisdom is good judgement about compound situations. Consequently, wisdom involves reflection, insight, a capacity to learn from puzzle and some credible conception of the man condition (Buenaflor, 2009). Philosophy is a search for im portation and therefore intended take into accountd for the rational beings. He who has the why of things bed bear almost any how- Victor Frankyl Philosophy uses reason to let out its object.Whatever is ones state in life, whenever she is and whatever she does she bequeath always be go away philosophizing. on that pointfore doctrine is always present. Philosophy- The attainment of wholly things by their first causes as known by the set down of reason Philosophy covered all aspects of human knowledge. The early philosophers believed that ism is the foundation of all learning in the possibility of a center world picture and in the unity of all truths- whether scientific, ethical, religious or aesthetic.Philosophy as subject sought to provide if not all the answers the, the answers to at least the most ultimate and fundamental questions. wherefore survey Philosophy? The culture of Philosophy is very important because it offers students a receive to explore the fundament al questions about human existence and to see on the nose what thinkers in contrastive periods have had about the essence of human being. Philosophy croup help clarify our thoughts. The clearer a person thinks the more she/he usheres himself/herself and more accurate way of examining and making decisions about life.It is philosophy that launching pad into the root causes of mans problems and discovers the true solutions and remedies to human ills. Plato- The Philosopher King Why admit Philosophy? Philosophy is one of the best ways of enriching your life, point as it prepares you for life. Philosophys critical skills offer the best defense team against foolishness and falsehoods. Philosophy is one of the most practical subjects in college. system of system of logic helps the students in the following areas * Interpretation & Analysis * Abstract Reasoning * look into & Synthesis * Communications Branches of Philosophy.* system of logic- the science of correct reasoning * Ep istemology- it deals with the origin and inclemency of human knowledge * Metaphysics- it deals with the study of beings and the origin of things. * Theodicy- the study of divinity fudge in the light of natural reason. (Philosophy of Religion) * Cosmology- the study of the universe from a philosophical standpoint * Philosophical or intelligent Psychology- the study of man not only as a opinion or sensing being merely as compose of body and soul * Ethics- a philosophical study that deals with how life should be lived and the means of attaining a meanful existence. *Aesthetics or Philosophy of Arts- deals with the philosophical study of arts and apricot. It answers the question like What is beauty? Philosophy can alike be divided into the following branches called Philosophies of moderate * Philosophy of Persons- it deals with the study about the dignity of man, truth, freedom, justice, love, death and his relationship with some others and with God. * hearty Philosophy- it deals with the philosophical study of a society and its institutions. It is concerned in ascertain the features of the best society as it deals with the study of relationships of the human person.* Philosophy of Science- This deals with the acknowledgment and objectivity of scientific knowledge. * Philosophy of mathematics- The aim of philosophy of mathematics is to provide an account of the nature and methodology of mathematics and its importance. * Philosophy of Law- This branch of philosophy deals with the whys of the law. It also aims to guide peoples actions in political community and thereby protect basic interests or rights. * Philosophy of Education- This branch of philosophy provides a philosophical understanding of the issues in education.It deals with the different methods of education and its effects in the learning of the human person. * Philosophy of Psychology- it deals with casual reflections on ones thoughts and deeds and on the behavior of others * Philosophy of Religion- Study of God from a philosophical viewpoint * Philosophy of History- This branch of Philosophy is an tone-beginning to answer substantive questions dealing with such matters as the significance or possible purpose of the historical serve upes and the factors fundamentally responsible for historical suppuration and change.* Philosophy of Love- this branch deals with the meat and value of love in the human person. * Philosophy of Culture- This is the philosophical study of all aspects of human life. Its aim is to try and transmit to future generations the system of values. * Philosophy of Women- This is also called philosophy of feminism, which refers to the study of the legal and political rights of women, as well as the relationship amid the sexes in enclosures of inequality, subordination, or oppression. What is the basic requirement of becoming a Philosopher? The faculty of wonder. philosophy asks the question WHY? Where did Philosophy originates? West- Greece E ast- China and India Factors that yield to the development of Philosophy in Greece * Geography * Invention of Games * Invention of coins * Myths logic Etymo synthetically, Logic is deduced from the Greek word Logike denoting a treatise on matters pertaining to thought. The term was coined by Zeno the Stoic. St. Thomas Aquinas defines Logic as the art that directs the reasoning process so that man may attain knowledge of truth in an orderly way, with ease and without error.As art, Logic is the tool of all sciences. The Scholastics considered it as the art of all other arts because it is used in all(prenominal) science and in all(prenominal) practical endeavor. As science, Logic studies the logical properties involved in the act of knowledge such as the logic of notions or concepts, the logic of judgement, the logic of reasoning and the logic of science. As science, Logic is a systematized body of logical truths and principles governing the habit of critical thinking and reasoning . History of Logic Zeno the Stoic coined the actual name Logic.He constituted the rules of argumentation to clarify the nature of concepts by using the Prior and tin analytics of Aristotles logical working. This endeavor degenerated because of the clever rhetoric and subtle judgment of the Sophists. Socrates refuted the error by vindicating the value concepts in knowing reality. Plato, the most lordly student of Socrates, philosophized that truth is the identical as the ultimate, ideal reality. Aristotle corrected this error. He wrote six treatises on Logic known as the Organon He say that ideas are mental routines that exist only in the legal opinion.He is considered as the founder of science. Porphyrius wrote the categories of Aristotle known as Isagoge Boethius translated Aristotles Organon and wrote commentaries on the Isagoge. ibn-Sina and Averroes wrote commentaries of Aristotles Organon Thomas Aquinas wrote commentaries on the logical works of Aristotle Francis Bacon wrote the Novum Organon. He introduced the Theory of Induction. John Stuart Mill developed Bacons Novum Organon Recently, George Boole founded the tonic Symbolic Logic . Because of its limited scope of application its popularity declined. Methods of Reasoning.* Inductive method- where we can obtain universal knowledge by considering the jumpicular ex. Repeated experience of seeing falling bodies towards the ground. We may induce that this is common to all bodies. * Deductive- When we come about from universal knowledge to particular cases ex. Logic is divided according to the three acts of the mind. * Apprehension * Judgement * Reasoning Simple Apprehension It is the basic operation of the mind or the mental processes by which we grasp the general meaning of the thing without affirming or denying anything about it. It is the basic operation of the mind that leads to a concept ex.man dog Judgment It is the act of the mind by which we compare two concepts, either they agree or not . If we put concepts together, the end result is called judgement or proposition. Ex. Man Laughs Reasoning It is the act of the mind by which we derive new truths from antecedently assumed truth. The mind combines several(prenominal) judgments or propositions in order to arrive at a previously unknown judgment it is called syllogism. Ex. All men are walking Cyrus is a man. Therefore Cyrus is walking. Mental Act External Sign Apprehension bound Judgement Proposition Reasoning Syllogism wrong.The term deduced from the Latin terminus is the extramental symbolism of an idea. A term is an remote expression of an idea. Ideas are mental expressions of external objects. Logical properties of terms * Comprehension of a term- It is the sum total of all the qualities / elements that comprise the meaning of the term A manifestation of the essence of the object. It is also known as connotation. The comprehension of animal is sentient living substantial heart and soul. * The Extension of a Term- It is the sum total of the particulars to which the comprehension of a term can be applied.It is also known as credit e. g. The citation of the comprehension sentient living material substance(animal) is birds, mammals, reptiles, birds, mammals and so forth. The comprehension and cite of terms are inversely related. The greater the comprehension the lesser the extension and vice-versa Comprehension Extension Substance substance Spirits, minerals, plants, brutes,men Body Material substance Minerals, plants, brutes, men Organism Living material substance plants, brutes, men fauna Sentient living material substance brutes, men Man Rational sentient living material substance MenClassification of Terms I. jibe to Extension Extension of Terms- is defined as property of a term by which such a term is applied to other things. Terms have three extensions namely unmated, Particular and frequent * Singular Term is an extension of term that stands for a single definite somebody or group. It is used to specify the individual or group. It is quantified by * demonstrative pronouns- This, That e. g. this book, that boy * The article the connotes a single idea e. g. the cup, the umbrella * personalized Pronouns- I, You, He, my, yours , he ,she.* Collective nouns- flock, clan, team * Particular Terms-stand for a definite part of the absolute extension. This is applied to a effrontery part of a apportionn group. Particular terms have the following quantifiers 1. ) Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives- Some, few, many, most, several, not all, etc. e. g. some people, most roads 2. ) Use of Numbers- seven candidates 3. ) Articles A and AN give a particular idea e. g. a saucer, an umbrella Universal terms- stands for every subject signified. This is when meaning is extended to each and every member of the group.The signs of catholicity are 1.) Universal Expression/Quantifiers- all, every, each, whatever, whoever, which ever, without exception, everything, no, no one e tc. e. g. Ex. No man is an island All students of Rogationist College will wear their uniform 2. ) Universal Ideas- e. g. tomorrow is a new day Dogs are not cats 3. ) Articles in the Universal idea- e. g. The book has pages A snake is a dangerous creature II. According to Meaning * Univocal- it signifies the same concept or essence, in (at least) two occurrences of the term e. g. Gloria Arroyo became the President of the Republic of the PhilippinesBenigno Aquino jr.is the president of the Republic of the Philippines * Equivocal Term- The term is externally or apparently the same but it signifies different concepts or essences. E. g. left (left hand) left ( gone) right (right hand) right (correct) * Analogous term- it expresses partially the same and partly different in meanings ex.Head does not have the same meaning in head of the family and head of a man. III. According to Quality * dogmatic in form, positive in meaning e. g. life, justice, truth, * Positive in form, nix in meani ng e. g. murder, massacre, famine * Negative in form, ostracise in meaning e. g.immature, incompetent, dishonest * Negative in form, positive in meaning e. g. immortal, unblemished IV. According to Relation * Compatible- those that can co- exist in a subject examples wise and good beauty and brain rich and far-famed tall, dark and handsome* Incompatible- those that cannot co-exist in a subject. They exclude each other. There are four kinds of incompatible Ideas * Contradictory- those that express a positive and negative concept. Contradictories are reciprocally exclusive such that the affirmation of one is the refutation of the other. Between them, there is no third (middle) possibility.Examples legal-illegal patient-impatient literate-illiterate valid-invalid * Contrary- those that express extremes belonging to the same class. Between these ideas, there is a third (middle) ground. Examples rich-poor hot-cold kind-cruel high-low beautiful-ugly * Privative- two opposed ideas, one of which expresses perfection, and the other its lack which ought to be possessed. Examples sight-blindness truth-error hearing-deafness good-evil * Correlative- two opposed ideas that bear mutual relation to one another such that one cant be understood without the other.They imply each other because one depends the other. Examples cause-effect whole-part maintain wife parent-child According to Object 1. ) Real- it expresses something that has existential actuality, whether positive or negative. Examples clarity, temperance, scandal, unemployment, chair, dishearten 2. ) Logical- it is used as a conceptual device to facilitate learning. Examples subject, predicate, classification, division, phyla, genera 3. ) Imaginary- it has no correspondence in reality but is merely a assortment of the mind.Examples Spider man, flying carpet, darna, talking tree According to Comprehension * Concrete- the term is used to express concrete concepts such as those perceivable by the senses or whose referent is tangible. Example ball, desk, table,brilliant lawyer * Abstract- The term is used to express abstract concepts such as those understood by the mind or whose referent is intangible. The term denotes being, quality, quantity or relationship. It denotes the property of a thing regarded as an entity by itself. Examples humanity, dullness.

Explore F.Scotts Fitzgeralds presentation of class and wealth in The Great Gatsby and The Diamond as Big as the Ritz

Wealth and companionable class permeate much of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The extensive Gatsby and The baseball field as fine-looking as the Ritz. Set during the roaring twenties when many tribe had freshly accumulated sufficientes after the war, both texts seek to explore and blackguard the complexities of wealthiness and social class. They particularly focus on how outlying(prenominal) race may go to fit into a social class or protect their fortune. Despite The Diamond as considerable as the Ritz be set within the fantasy genre, elements of Fitzgeralds own life run as undercurrents d singleout both texts.Fitzgeralds life features heavily in the texts, be it through the characterisation of Nick and Gatsby or the underlying references to his personal experiences. The experiences of the main protagonists gradation parallels with Fitzgeralds interactions with the wealthy, both at Princeton and colossal Neck and in his relationship with Zelda. The Diamond as Big as the Ritz satirises the exuberant wealth experienced by Fitzgerald when visiting a Princeton classmate. The Great Gatsby on the other hand, is more(prenominal) reliant on aspects of Fitzgeralds own life which forms the emotional foundation of the novel.Gatsbys relationship with Daisy mirrors Fitzgeralds peeved relationship with Zelda who much exchangeable Daisy, was regarded as being incredibly materialistic. Gatsby fecal matter therefore be seen as a representing Fitzgeralds pursuit of sufficient wealth to accept an aristocratic love interest. He does this to the detriment of his artistic fairness which he compromised by writing wretched stories to fund Zeldas opulent lifestyle. This is reverberate by Gatsby compromising his integrity and personal worth by bootleg and lying about being the son of some wealthy mint in the Middle- wolfram, in order to please Daisy and hopefully gain acceptance.He fails in both these aras. In integrating elements of his personal life, Fitzgerald may b e implying that loving some peerless of a different social class comes with compromises and that one may lose sight of who they atomic number 18 in the process. The Great Gatsby by virtue of its representations of wealth and class can be seen as a running criticism of the American inhalation and Americas obsession with wealth amidst the voluptuous culture of the 1920s. The American fancy had originally been founded on the notion that anyone, regardless of their background could achieve anything in the land of opportunity if they worked hard enough.Fitzgerald however, believed that the American reverie was just an illusion and that it had been corrupted by the of pursuit wealth. He consistently challenged the whim of the achievability of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby. The geographical motifs of eastern United States and West Egg embody just how unachievable the American Dream is. This geographical separation may symbolise the hypothetical and literal divides among t he nouveau riche who reside in West Egg and aristocrats of eastern United States egg, whence amplylighting how they will forever lead separate existences.This gives the impression of the American Dream being highly flawed, as having acquired great wealth does not retell into acceptance for the people of West Egg, who are seen as the social subordinates of the aristocrats of einsteinium Egg. This is provided established by the behaviour of the guests at Gatsbys party. The people of West Egg lack the refinement, grace and manners of their aristocratic counterparts for whom these traits form the basics of their social class. This consequently demonstrates how East and West Egg are marooned by more than geographical distance but also by simple things such as social etiquette and fashion choices.Jordans party (who consist of fellow East Eggers) are spread around a send back on the outside of the garden carefully on guard, emphasising that even within the home(a) confines of the party the divide is still apparent and the people of East Egg are reluctant to mix. The corruption of the American Dream is further explored through the main protagonists initial awe and delight (early on in the text) at the great wealth they encounter. Fitzgerald employs a myriad of symbolisms, metaphors and similes to depict the write out luxury and over exuberance of the aristocrats within both texts.Through these devices he is able to satirise the materialistic world the aristocrats inhabit, making it appear outlandish. In The Diamond as Big as the Ritz John Unger, a male child from Hades with meager standards of living is amused and delighted, by the exalted lifestyle Percy and his family lead. When he arrives with Percy they are driven in what Percy dismissively calls a buggy. However, the reader can generalise from Johns reaction at the thousand minute tapestries of silk, woven with jewels that the vehicle is far from an old buggy.In this instance Johns amazement may ha ve been industrious to problem Percys dismissive attitude towards wealth as he refers to the luxurious car as old junk. Fitzgerald may have used this paradox high spot the hollow spirit of the wealthy, whose lives are fueled by consumerism to the finis that they place little value to the possessions everyone else would deem as extraordinary. In The Great Gatsby, Nick is also amazed by the wealth he experiences at the Buchanan home. His first interaction with Daisy and Jordon has a dream like quality to it.When he meets the women they are dressed in white, their dresses rippling and fluttering a short flight around the house this gives the women an angelic quality which hints at how Nick is initially drawn in by their great wealth. This surreal and dream like quality of wealth is also reflected in The Diamond as Big as the Ritz with the depiction of the girl who is dressed like Titania. In the play, A Midsummer Nights Dream, Titania is the queen of the fairies which Fitzgerald m ay have used to imply to the magical and mystifying qualities of wealth present within both texts.Conversely, the amazement the main protagonists initially showcased soon dissipates when they discover the corruptive nature of wealth and the wealthy. Despite the people of East Egg possessing an abundance of grace, elegance and examine (that comes with adhering to the norms of aristocratic decree) they lack compassion. The East Eggers are presented as little more than bullies who use their money to alleviate any concerns they have, irrespective of who they hurt in the process.This chastely corrupt nature of the rich is explored through the Buchanans in The Great Gatsby and the Washingtons in The Diamond as Big as the Ritz. The Buchanans are presented as careless people who smashed things up only to retreat back into their ample carelessness. Their lack of moral fiber is further emphasised when instead of attending Gatsbys funeral they move into a house far away. Fitzgerald may ha ve used the Buchanans as a moral didactic for the readers to illustrate how wealth can corrupt when one allows themself to become consumed by it.On the other hand, it could represent the unfair nature of capitalist societies whereby the wealthy upper-class can afford to pay for serenity of mind. This conflicts with Gatsby whom despite accumulating his wealth through criminality is kind and loving, keeping watch outside Daisys window to insure Tom does not hurt her, consequently illustrating that wealth solo does not corrupt but when coupled with high social condition it can have disastrous effects. Moreover, in both texts religion (which is supposed to strengthen ones moral compass) has been replaced by consumerism.Atrocious things are carried out in the name of wealth in the texts, including murder and imprisonment. These things are written off as a natural pre-requisite of success and expansion. here Fitzgerald argues that wealth can be its own prison blinding its pursuers, d ehumanizing them to the accomplishment that they devalue human life and assume that everyone can be bought. Fitzgerald satirizes the pixilated nature of the rich when Mr. Washington tries offering a bribe to God with a voice immersed in inextinguishable pride.Ross Posnock, a bolshie writer, praised Fitzgerald in his look for A New World, Material Without Being real for his presentation of the capitalist society in The Great Gatsby1. Posnock believed that Fitzgerald had captured the capitalist societys obsession with material wealth and how it leads to people being regarded as little more than object that can be acquired along with capital in order to boost ones social status. Gatsbys vast wardrobe is a heavy defensive wall consisting of thick silk and expensive dye which support the Marxist view of material possessions providing a barrier against hardship which the rich can hide behind.For Gatsby, and many others, material possessions help to protect their status in the same way the invisible cloak of Gatsbys army uniform had underground his lower class status when he first met Daisy. In general, the detrimental portrayal of consumerism in his work has made him very popular with Marxist writers. In conclusion, Fitzgerald uses The Great Gatsby and The Diamond as Big as Ritz to highlight the negative elements of wealth and class, whilst particularly emphasising that class roles will never be crossed.Both texts highlight the potential hazards of capitalist societies when one becomes consumed by materialism, placing greater importance on monetary fortune and status than the consequences of their actions. Although Fitzgerald presents both wealth and class in negative lights he reminds the reader that wealth alone does not give way to moral corruption hinting that it is wealth in conjunction with high social class that leads to the decaying of ones moral compass.

Brain and Social Learning Theory Essay

1. What aspect of demeanorism make it attr sprightly to critics of the psychoanalytic perspective? How did Pi shape upts theory respond to a major limitation of behaviorism? Psychoanalytic theory emphasized on the individuals unique life. However the theory was criticized because many of its ideas were as well vague to be measured or psychometric tested for. They mainly concentrate on case studies. Behaviorism studied directly observ fitted behaviors by stimuli and responses, thereof holding researchers to be measure and test behaviors. Pi bestridets theory decl argon the biological aspect of discipline in a pincers evolution, which was a major limitation in behaviorism. He overly argued that electric razorren channelise an active part in their pick uping.2. Although favorable learning theory focuses on accessible development and Pia recovers theory on cognitive development, individu each(prenominal)y has heightend our understanding of an early(a)(prenominal) doma ins. Mention an additional domain communicate by separately theory.Social learning theory is also cognise as imitation or observable learning, it is a powerful writer of development. Bandura made huge contri exclusivelyions to the social learning theory. His sample explained the reasoning spotlesslyt end wherefore s keep uprren modeled others. Children imitated others found on their history of reinforcement or punishment for a behavior. He because revised his theory because acquaintance also toured a huge use in this theory. He theory soon to be kn protest as the social-cognitive theory. Social-cognition theory is the encounter that people learn by watching others. Inpsychology, it explains personality in terms of how a person thinks about and responds to whizzs social environment. Children gradually start out more than selective with imitation because finished watching others self-praise or self blame and by meaning of feedback, a churl develops personal stan dards and self-efficacy. (belief that their let abilities give suffice them succeed). In Piagets cognitive-development, a social aspect bottom be recognized in his full takes.He acceptd that squirtrens learning depended on reinforces, for example rewards from adults. Piagetbelieved that as the mind-set develops, a childs experience expands. He characterized these stages into four broader stages based on distinct ways of intellection (sensori locomote/preoperational/concrete operational/ nut operational). Not only did he explore how children understood the natural world, but he also looked into their reasoning of the social world. with developing the stages, it also sparked the research for how children saw themselves, other people and humankind consanguinity.3. A 4-year-old becomes sc be of the dark and refuses to go to sleep at night. How would a psychoanalyst and a behaviorist differ in their views of how this task developed?A psychoanalyst believes that fears a rgon from experienced events or the fear is a symbol of something that happened in the past. So if a child was afraid of the dark whitethornbe the child was go forth at a young age and is afraid of organism alone. Freud theorized that all phobias ar a direct result of unresolved conflicts amidst the id and the superego. The id is the part of our cards that acts solely based on emotions, while the superego is our conscience, the part of our top dog that acts based on value judgements acting contrarily to the judgements of the superego allow for reach a sense of guilt, andthat sense of guilt can lead to unwelcome behavior, like phobic behavior. More specifically, Freud theorized that phobias result from the superego repressing the desires of the id, and one of the close to common repressions is the desire.A behaviorist believes that a child acts a certain(a) way imputable(p) to a response that has been rewarded. In other lecture if the child acts scared of the dark, he or she is expecting to be able to induct a light on or be comforted by the adult. That is what happened the previous time. According to a behaviorist the way a child reacts to something can be ultimately matched by conditioning. To explain why the child has now become afraid of the dark, many would look to the evokes for an answer.If the child relates an event or fall outrence that happened in the dark it may then cause a long lasting fear in that childs mind. An example could be something as simple as a book that the childs father read about junkies under the bed which could thenlead the child to believe that there really are monsters under their own bed. A behaviorist would suggest for the parent to reassure the child that organism in the dark is in fact not scary and reinforce the idea until the child lets go of this fear. Behaviorists pull up stakes want to diffuse the behavior and then educate the child on how to control that behavior.4. Explain how each of the following rec ent theoretical perspective regards children as active contributors to their own development nurture-processing, evolutionary developmental psychology, Vygotskys sociocultural theory, ecological systems theory, and high-power systems perspective. In instituteation processing The theory states that at the time information is presented to the senses at input until it emerges as a behavioral response at output. The information we obtain is continuously being coded for, transformed and organized. Therefore children actively engulf in thinking processes where they decided what action they should pursue for the task they are accomplishing. Evolutionary development Focuses on seeking understanding the adaptive set of species-wide cognitive, emotional and social competencies as they change with age. Evolutionary psychologist believes that humans large soul and extended childhood resulted from the need to headwaiter complexities of human group life. Therefore, newborns play an active role as they continue to leaven and explore the world around them. The mentality continues to be stimulated by means of and through experiences that add to many other factors such as emotion and social fundamental interaction. Vygotskys Sociocultural theory Children actively acquire their ways of thinking and behavior that make up communitys culture through social interaction. In particular through conversation with knowledgeable members of society. Adults and peers help children master culturally meaningful events. Children are active and constructive beings, but in regards to Vygotskys theory, cognitive development relies more so on social interaction. Ecological Systems Theory Focuses on a bidirectional family between the child and aspects in his environment from four levels the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and macrosystem. The child is an active contributor to their environment through the bi-directionality of their relationship with their environment. For example, aneasy-going and happy child will receive more positive stimulant drug from their parents, and other aspects of the environment. dynamic systems perspective- It is a system that combines the childs mind, ashes and physical and social worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills. Stage like transformations occur as children reorganized their behavior so components of the system work as a functioning whole.5. why might a researcher shoot structured reflection over meetational observation? How about the face-lift? What might lead the researcher to opt for clinical interviewing over dictatorial observation?Researchers may choose structured observation over ingrainedistic observation due to their ability to control the try. In naturalistic observations, researchers are limited to observe particular behavior in e actuallyday life, due to the limitations of this technique. By setting up a laboratory situation, structured observations allow the researchers are able to evoke the behavior of please and also allowing participants an compeer fortune for them to display the reaction. One would choose clinical interviewing over taxonomical observation for several reasons. Clinical interviewing allows participants to think as close as possible to their everyday lives and large amounts of information can be store in a short menstruation of time. Whereas in systematic observation the accuracy of the study can be reduced by percipient influence and observer bias.6. Explain why, although a research method essential be reliable to be valid, dependability does notguarantee hardiness. dependableness is referred to consistency or repeatability of a measures of behavior. In order to be reliable, observations and evaluations cannot be unique to a single observer. Reliability does not guarantee validness, because reliability cannot be measured. For it to be a valid study, the experiment must be able to be measured. Often times, it is difficult to measure clinical and ethnographical studies because it does not yield quantitative scores. In order to guarantee validity researchers must examine the content of the observations and self-reports to make sure all behaviors of interest are included. In regards to research designs, there are 2 broader types of validity used. Internal validity refers to the participant influencing the result, but not any other unwanted variable. Whereas external validity refers to the extent that research can be constituentralized or extended to others.7. Why are natural experiments little precise than laboratory and field experiments? Often times when researchers cannot randomly accord participants or manipulate conditions in the real world, they use the natural experiment to avoid these limitations. Natural experiment use treatments that already exist, which are compared. The participants are carefully picked for groups in order to get the intimately similar characteristic. C reating an opportunity for the desired situation can prove problematic in a naturalistic experiment..There also isnt a way to hire a control in a natural experiment, so the results cannot be compared as easily. Natural experiments are less precise because it is harder to isolate one variable than in a laboratory or field experiment. In field experiments, participants are randomly assigned to treatment condition in a natural setting. However in laboratory experiments, researchers assigned participants every bit to ii or more treatment conditions. There are two variables being tested for, independent and dependent variables. They are categorized through events and behaviors of interest.8. Explain how age bracket effects can distort the findings of some(prenominal) longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. How does the sequential design reveal cohort effects? The cohort effects both(prenominal) longitudinal and cross-sectional studies because it dismisses their findings because it does not represent the entire population. In longitudinal studies, there are chances of a bias sample consequently the participants in this particular experiment may only representthe population who are interested in this experiment.Often times, selective attrition publications place where participants either drop out or withdrawal from the experiment. longitudinal may study different ages over time, but it does not take into consideration of the participants in different cultures. Whereas in the cross-sectional studies, it doesnt bet for an individuals development, since people are studied in groups this causes a cohort effect. Through sequential design, cohort effects can be dismissed by comparing multiple experiments which present the same ages at different years. If both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies are similar, comparisons of both experiments can too be compared and further adding confidence to the data.9. Cite evidence indicating that both heredity and environ ment top to the development of children with phenylketonuria and coldcock syndrome.phenylketonuria is caused by the inheritance of two recessive alleles which causes inhibit individuals from digesting the amino acid, phenylalanine. If left untreated, the child can become mentally retarded by the of age 1. However, in the US, all babies are given a blood test for PKU and if the disease is found, the child is placed on a fare low in phenylalanine. Even the smallest amount of phenylalanine can be damaging. Children with PKU often show deficits in cognitive skills like memory, planning, decision making, and problem solving. If the diet low in phenylalanine is kept persistent than those affected by PKU can show average intelligence and normal development.stDown Syndrome is caused by inheriting an extra 21chromosome. Brian studies of those affectedby raze syndrome shows reduced brain size, along with mental retardation, memory, and speech problems, and slow go development. Most indiv iduals affected by down syndrome who live over the age of 40 usually contract alzheimers, which is linked to the 21st chromosome. Environmental factors that could affect down syndrome are the mothers age and health. Children with Down syndrome grinning less readily, show poor eye contact, and explore less than those without. For this reason, it is very weighty for caregivers to encourage their child to be more engaged in theirsurroundings. This encouragement can help them to develop better. These children also benefit from interposition programs, which helps them develop better socially and emotionally, however not as oftentimes intellectually.10. Referring to ecological systems theory, explain why parents of children with contractable disorders often experience change magnitude focussing. What factors, within and beyond the family, can help these parents support their childrens development? In the ecological system, the relationship between the child and and the parents (part of the mesosystem) is seen as bidirectional. The parents of child with genetic disorders would feel increased pressure and stress from their child, because the may demand more from theirenvironment. The parents can benefit from support from tierce parties outside of their system. However, its also important that parents receive support within their system, their spouse. Children with genetic disorders tend to subscribe behavioral issues that could affect their parents marriage. If the parents have an unstable relationship, it can cause problems for the child. If the parents have a stable relationship, than more positive attitudes will be projected towards the child.Positive attitudes will positively impact the childs development. It is also helpful for a family to have a positive neighborhood connections and environment, in particular in low income families, for support. 11. Why is the current of the embryo regarded as the near dramatic prenatal period? Why is the period of th e foetus called the growth and finishing phase? The period of the embryo is regarded as the nearly dramatic prenatal period because this is the most rapid prenatal changes. During this stage, the groundwork is laid out for all body structures and internal organs. Since all parts are developing, this would be consider the most vulnerable stage for the embryo and it would be most susceptible to teratogens and good defects. The period of the fetus is referred to as growth and finishing phase because this is the stage in where the organism is rapidly suppuration in size. Not only will the organism grow rapidly in size during the fetus period, but towards the end of pregnancy will mark the finishing harvest-homeion by and by the fetus is fully grown. the muscle and nervous system become more refined. Sex of the fetus can also be detected.12. Howis brain development colligate to fetal capacities and behavior? What implications do individual differences in fetal behavior have for th e babys temperament afterward birth? The human brain is not fully developed at birth much human brain development continues after birth. Nevertheless, a baby is not a blank slate they come provide with a surprising range of abilities and capacities. Babies have the beginnings of sophisticated sensory capabilities fond to range of frequencies of womens voices sensitive sense of smell.Brain development is related to fetal capacities and behavior because babies come into the world with a built-in learning capacities that permits them to only profit from experience immediately. Infants are only capable of two basic forms of learning, classical and operant learning. They also learn through natural preferences for novel input signal and eventually through observing others. Infants have an important-looking statistical learning where they can rapidly analyze speech teem for patterns. The acquire a stock of speech structures for which they will later learn meanings, long before they c an start to talk. Immediately after birth, babies adjoin differences in temperament (inclination to engage in a certain elbow room of behavior) Approach (react positively to new stimuli) vs. withdrawal (react negatively to new stimuli, i.e. cry, fuss, etc.) elementary (dont cry as often, not as demanding) vs. difficult (fussy, demanding) almost aspects of temperament tend to remain stable over the course of development, as a result of advance(prenominal) nurturing experiences13. What is epigenesis, and how does it differ from geneenvironment interaction and geneenvironment correlation coefficient? Provide an example of each.Gene-environment interaction means that because of a persons genetic-makeup, individuals differ in responses to qualities environment. For example, in an experiment to test intelligence, Ben would score a higher score as the excitant was enriched, whereas Lindas would rise and then fall sharply due to the enriched stimulus and Ron would only respond to the environment as it becomes more stimulating.Gene-environment correlation is a concept that states our that our genesinfluence our environments. There are three categories to explain this idea. passive correlation refers to a child having no control over their genes and the environment. Instead, parents play a huge role in passive correlation for they may encourage their to be athletic because they both grew up playing sports, thus assuming their child would too have the same preference. Evocative correlation refers to the responses a child elicit from others are influenced through heredity.Thus this stimulation strengthens the childs original style. For example an active baby will gain more attention and social stimulation than a child who is passive and quiet. Active correlation refers to children being actively engaged in their experience and environment. This is process that is described as niche-picking. Both of these theories focus on a one direction exchange. Epigenesis sees development as a bidirectional exchange, the environment influencing the genes and the genes influencing the environment.For example, an aggression gene found on the X chromosome in males showed no correlation of them being more aggressive than the ones without the gene, UNLESS, the child with the gene was exposed to child abuse. The combination of both the gene and the environmental factors contribute to the expression of aggression. The more aggressive a child acts, the more enate anger or criticism they would receive, this shows how the environment can act on a gene and vice versa. External and internal stimulation both affect the expression of a gene. 14. How do the diverse capacities of newborn babies contribute to their send-off social relationships?Newborns are considered to have plastic brains because they are able to mold into their environment or recover from traumatic experiences due to the malleability of their brain. Neurons are yet assigned a location in the brain t o perform specific functions, therefore their first social interaction is critical in the first few moments that newborns are brought into the world. Their first social relationship is extremely important to create a bond with whom the child first meets, for example, their mother.15. Cite evidence that motor development is a joint product of biological, psychological, and environmental factors.Environmental Parental encouragement plays a huge role in a childsmotivation to complete the task they set forth to accomplish. With constant praise and reinforcement, a child will continue to strive to complete more tasks. As new skills are being acquired, there is a joint process occurringwhen mastery these motor skills. The central nervous system, body movement capacities, the goal the child has in mind and the environment supports the skill being developed. Biologically In the early weeks of life brain and body growth are especially important as infants achieve control over the head, sh oulders, and upper torso.Psychological Through curiosity, a baby will be set offd to explore their surroundings, therefore desiring to master new task. A babys goal to get a toy or crossing the room will motivate them to accomplish the task. Through multiple attempts and practice, the infant will eventually master that particular motor skill and continue to integrate and redefined their already know skill.16. Explain why either too much stimulation or too little stimulation over an extended time negatively disrupts early development.Early stimulation and late stimulation can both be harmful to newborns. Early stimulation on newborns can enhance one specific skill, but also hinder many other skills in future development. Stimulation too late in development can also hinder skills because they lag behind other developmenting babies due the lack of stimulation. This refers to the developmental aspect of the brain where pruning occurs. Information that is not stimulated enough that is crucial for further development will be negatively affected.17. What implications do findings on children from Eastern European orphanages have for the disputation over the lasting impact of early experiences on development? Studies through on children adopted from Romanian orphanages show significant findings in their physical and cognitive development. The majority of the orphans adopted before 6 months that were adopted all catch up in physical and cognitive development.Whereas, babies who were adopted after the 6 months period were unable to catch up physically and cognitively, which after impaired their intellectualabilities. Thus the findings found indicate that early, prolonged institualization leads to a generalized reduction in activity in the cerebral cortex, especially in the prefrontal cortex which governs complex cognition and impulse control. 18. How does stimulation affect brain development? Cite evidence at the level of neurons and at the level of the cerebral cort ex.Stimulation is vital when the brain is growing most rapidly. Stimulation allows the neurons to create synapses within the brain to stored newly knowing information. However, information which are continually stimulated will more in all likelihood to remain in long term memory rather those that are not, also known as pruning Formation of synapses are most rapid during the first 2 years, especially in auditory, visual and speech areas.The cerebral cortex is the largest brain structure and the last structure to stop growing, therefore it is the more sensitive to environmental influences. It also contains the greatest flesh of neurons and synapses. The prefrontal is responsible for movement and thought, this particular area in the brain undergoes rapid myelination and formation and pruningof synapses during preschool and school years also followed by another accelerated growth in adolescence, when it reaches an adult level of synaptic connections.